American Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Innovation and Research

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Bio-Based Lubricants and Wear Reduction in Small Machinery

Author(s) Dr. .-Ing. Carolin Körner
Country United States
Abstract Small agricultural and rural machines operate under conditions characterized by repeated starts, variable loads, dust exposure, limited cooling, seasonal storage, and inconsistent maintenance. Lubricant performance therefore has a direct influence on friction, wear, temperature control, sealing, energy efficiency, and component service life. Bio-based lubricants derived principally from vegetable oils and chemically modified renewable feedstocks have attracted attention because their polar molecular structures can provide strong lubricity while offering advantages related to renewability, biodegradability, high viscosity index, and reduced environmental persistence. Their use in small machinery nevertheless requires careful formulation because unmodified vegetable oils can exhibit inadequate oxidation stability, unfavorable low-temperature flow, viscosity growth during aging, and variable compatibility with existing seals and additive packages.
This study develops a simulation-based framework for evaluating bio-based lubricant formulations for wear reduction in small machinery. Five lubricant configurations are compared: a conventional mineral-oil reference, unmodified vegetable oil, a bio/mineral blend, a chemically modified bio-ester, and an additive-enhanced bio-based formulation. A Small-Machinery Lubrication Performance Index is constructed using anti-wear performance, friction reduction, viscosity-temperature stability, oxidation resistance, and machinery compatibility. Simulated index values increase from 61.0 for the mineral reference to 84.5 for the additive-enhanced bio-lubricant.
A complementary simulation indicates wear-reduction potential ranging from 12% for unmodified vegetable oil to 46% for a properly formulated additive-enhanced bio-lubricant relative to the reference condition. The results emphasize that bio-origin alone does not guarantee superior machinery lubrication. Chemical modification, antioxidant protection, anti-wear additives, viscosity control, seal compatibility, application-specific specifications, and appropriate service intervals are critical.
Keywords bio-based lubricants, wear reduction, vegetable oils, small machinery, tribology, sustainable lubrication, friction, agricultural machinery.
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-05-21
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